How does edema affect bmi

Bivariate relationships between plasma tonicity and reactance by weight status in men and women. The bottom of Table 3 presents the relative odds of plasma hypertonicity for overweight or obese individuals who had a below average reactance.

Compared to normal weight individuals with an above average reactance, obesity with lower reactance was associated with significantly greater odds of plasma hypertonicity.

This pattern of results was observed for both sexes. Plasma glucose did not account for all of the variation in plasma tonicity. At each level of plasma glucose, tonicity varied with other solute concentrations. Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted with weight status as dependent variable and the determinants of plasma tonicity sodium, potassium and glucose as independent variables.

In these models Table 4 , serum sodium was associated with significantly increased odds of obesity in men and women, independent of glucose. In this study sample, overweight and obesity were associated with lower BIA reactance, an index of lower body cell mass and intracellular volume. Overweight and obese individuals with lower reactance were significantly more likely to have hypertonic plasma than normal weight individuals. The observed associations were independent of recognized socio-demographic health and behavioral risk factors for obesity.

Plasma hypo tonicity, a clinical indicator of excess extracellular water, was comparatively rare. Overweight and obese individuals in this sample were significantly more likely to be hypertonic than their normal weight counterparts, independent of plasma glucose level. Although elevated plasma glucose concentrations a cause of hypertonicity Star, , might explain an association between hypertonicity and obesity, glucose concentrations alone do not account for the associations observed in this study.

Overweight and obese individuals had higher serum sodium concentrations than normal weight individuals for a given plasma glucose level. The higher serum sodium in the overweight and obese group is noteworthy, because the sodium concentration is normally regulated to prevent increases in tonicity.

For each 5. If attributable to hypertonicity, the altered fluid distribution in obesity could be more than a correlate of obesity or source of error in body composition assessment. In healthy young men, hypertonicity increases whole-body protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, and decreases glucose uptake, lipolysis and energy expenditure Bratusch-Marrain and DeFronzo, ; Berneis et al. Hypertonic stress causes oxidative stress and DNA damage in the kidney in vitro and in vivo Dmitrieva and Burg, Over time, hypertonicity might promote weight gain and loss of lean mass sarcopenic obesity by decreasing lipolysis and energy expenditure.

By increasing insulin resistance and oxidative stress, hypertonicity might promote metabolic disorders related to obesity, including diabetes and renal disease. Appropriate treatments for obesity may depend on the cause of the altered fluid distribution.

If owing to hypertonicity, treatments to remove apparent excess body water e. Hypertonicity may reflect any disorder resulting in loss of body water, decreased fluid intake or the addition of solute to the extracellular space Star, Cellular e. Physicians and researchers may not be alert to hypertonicity in non-acutely ill overweight groups.

Overweight individuals with altered fluid distribution may have normal blood chemistry values Leone et al. As plasma hypertonicity was prevalent in this study population, despite normal blood chemistry values, it may be important to evaluate the combined effects of plasma solute.

The present study may also underestimate the relationship between obesity and plasma hypertonicity in free-living individuals, because individuals with evidence of glucose dysregulation were excluded from the study sample.

According to Liedtke , the BIA electrical signal leaks through protein channels in the cell membrane and charges the inside of the cells lipid bilayer.

As the same charge with opposite polarity exists on the outside of the cell bilayer, the cell membrane acts as a capacitor that can store a charge of electrons for a period of time. Capacitors give circuits reactance and cause electrical current to lag.

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Regular movement is also necessary. Activities such as bicycling and walking can also help in pumping out all the water or any other fluids in the ankles and legs. Physical exercise actually aids in the widening of the blood vessels. Water retention might also develop on people in long-haul flights, hospital beds and wheelchairs because there regular body movement is lacking, therefore excess fluid from the tissue spaces are not drained. People with desk jobs should take breaks to walk around the office.

Drinking water alone does not help combating retention but helps greatly in its reduction. The treatment particularly depends on its cause. Doctors may advise prescription that makes one urinate more in order to help in the removal of fluid. This kind of drugs are called diuretics, or sometimes tagged as water pills. Diuretics help the body to get rid of water and sodium.

They make the kidneys excrete more sodium in urine, and the sodium takes water with it from the blood. This then decreases the amount of fluid that flows in the blood vessels which in turn reduces pressure on the artery walls.

Generally, one must be cautious in the use of diuretics because of its probable side effects: dizziness, dehydration , weakness, and increased urination. If edema is not treated though, it will result in skin stretching and might pose bigger problems. Some foods also have a diuretic effect. For example, adding lemon juice to your water causes more frequent urination and decrease the amount of water retention.

Cranberry juice is another natural diuretic. You can substitute a glass of cranberry juice for one glass of water each day to decrease water retention. Most foods that are high in vitamin C also have natural diuretic properties. Caffeine is also known to reduce water retention, however, too much caffeine can have the opposite effect resulting in dehydration. As contradictory as it may seem, drinking more water actually decreases water retention.

Since water retention often occurs because of dehydration, providing the body with plenty of water will prevent the body from conserving water in order to prevent dehydration. It must be noted though, that aside from the medications, there are various ways of physical techniques to manage and reduce the fluid retention. It cannot be cured in any way, only reduced. The only treatment is to cure the condition that causes it, for water retention is only a symptom of underlying medical conditions such as heart failure , arthritis, and liver disease.

The lymphatic system is important in keeping a healthy body. This system circulates lymph fluid all through the body to collect bacteria, waste products, and other viruses. There is no available cure for this type of fluid retention, but it can be controlled. Reducing water retention is time consuming and requires a lot of flexibility and endurance, but all the hard work will lead to the decreased disfigurement of the affected body part.

Be sure to consult your doctor before making any changes to your diet or medication. Always Consult Your Physician First It is helpful to prepare yourself with health information by reading and talking to friends, but always consult your doctor before taking medical action or changing your health routine. Support None. Alerts User Alerts. You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature.

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